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Assault rifle

Carbine, Quotient 5.56 mm, M4
Colt M4 carbine with RAS, M68 CCO
Type	Assault rifle Carbine
Identify of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1994–nowadays
Used by	See Users below
Wars	See Conflicts below
Product history
Designed	1982–1993
Manufacturer	See Manufacturers below
Unit of measurement cost	$700 (avg. price)[1]
Produced	1987–present[ii]
No. built	500,000[three]
Variants	M4A1 Mark 18 Mod 0 CQBR
Specifications
Mass	6.43 lb (2.92 kg) empty[4] seven.75 lb (iii.52 kg) with thirty rounds and sling
Length	33 in (838 mm) (stock extended) 29.75 in (756 mm) (stock retracted)
Barrel length	14.five in (368 mm)
Cartridge	five.56×45mm NATO
Caliber	5.56 mm (.223 in)
Action	Gas-operated, rotating bolt, Stoner expanding gas
Rate of fire	700–950 round/min cyclic[five]
Muzzle velocity	2,970 ft/southward (910 grand/s) (M855A1 round)[half dozen] 2,887 ft/due south (880 thou/s) (M855 circular) ii,986 ft/s (910 thou/s) (M193 round)
Effective firing range	500 m (550 yd)[7]
Feed arrangement	30-round box magazine or other STANAG magazines.[a]
Sights	Iron sights or various optics

The M4 carbine is a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, gas-operated,^[b] magazine-fed, carbine, assault rifle developed in the United States during the 1980s. It is a shortened version of the M16A2 assault rifle.

The M4 is extensively used by the Usa Military, with decisions to largely supplant the M16 burglarize in United States Regular army (starting 2010) and United States Marine Corps (USMC) (starting 2016) gainsay units as the primary infantry weapon^{[9] [x]} and service burglarize. The M4 has been adopted by over 60 countries worldwide,^[eleven] and has been described as "1 of the defining firearms of the 21st century".^[12]

Since its adoption in 1994,^[11] the M4 has undergone over 90 modifications to better the weapon's ergonomics and modularity, including: the M4A1, which strengthened the barrel and removed the burst-burn down option; the SOPMOD, an accessory kit containing optical attachments; and the underbarrel M203 grenade launcher.

History [edit]

Post-obit the adoption of the M16 rifle, carbine variants were likewise adopted for close quarters operations,^[13] the first of which was the Automobile-15 family of weapons, which served through the Vietnam War.^[14] However, these rifles had design issues, as the barrel length was halved to 10 inches (25 cm), which upset the ballistics, reducing its range and accuracy and leading to considerable cage wink and blast,^[15] pregnant that a big flash suppressor had to be fitted.^[16]

In 1982, the U.S. Government requested Colt to make a carbine version of the M16A2. At the time, the Colt M16A2 was the Colt 645, as well known as the M16A1E1. Later on that year, the U.Due south. Army Armament Munitions Chemical Command helped Filly develop a new variant of the XM177E2, and the U.Southward. Army redesignated the XM177E2 to the XM4 Carbine, giving the name as the successor to the M3 Carbine. The offset model of the XM4 is the XM177E2, which used the same upper and lower receiver as the M16A1,^[17] but fires the M855 cartridge instead of the M16'south .223 Remington rounds. In 1983, the 9th Infantry Division requested a Quick Reaction Program (QRP) for a v.56mm carbine to supercede the M1 Carbine and M3 submachine gun in service.^{[xviii] [xv]} The XM4 was tested past the Regular army'south Armament Research and Development Center (ARDC) in June 1983. Later, the gun was updated with improved furniture, and a 1-7" barrel. The ARDC recommended additional commonality with the M16A2 burglarize, as well every bit lengthening the butt to 14.5".^[17] In January 1984, the U.Southward. Army revised the QRP, and a month later, the Army formally canonical development of the new carbine.^[17]

In June 1985, the Picatinny Arsenal was given a contract to produce forty prototypes of the XM4.^[17] Initially a articulation program between the Army and Marines, in 1986 the Army withdrew their funding. The XM4 was finished in 1987, and the Marines adopted 892 for that fiscal year, with the designation "carbine, 5.56mm, M4."^[17] Owing to experience from the 1991 Gulf War, the Regular army gave Colt its commencement production contracts for M4 carbines in May and July 1993, and M4A1 carbines for SOCOM operators in February 1994.^[xix]

Interest in the M4 Carbine was accelerated later on the Battle of Mogadishu (1993), in which Rangers complained that their M16 rifles were "unwieldy", whereas members of Delta Force in the aforementioned boxing, equipped with the Auto-15, had no such complaints.^[20] The M4 Carbine first saw action in the easily of U.S. troops deployed to Kosovo in 1999 in back up of the NATO-led KFOR peacekeeping force.^[21] It would subsequently be used heavily by U.S. forces during the Global War on Terrorism, including in Operation Indelible Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.^[21] In the Regular army, the M4 had largely replaced M16A2s equally the master weapon of frontwards deployed personnel past 2005.^[22] The M4 carbine as well replaced most submachine guns and selected handguns in U.Southward. military service,^[22] as it fires more effective rifle ammunition that offers superior stopping power and is better able to penetrate modernistic body armor.^[21]

A U.S. Army 82nd Airborne soldier holds an M4 carbine in Vitina, Kosovo in January 2000 during the NATO-led KFOR mission, the first operational apply of the M4 by U.Southward. troops.

In 2007, the USMC ordered its officers (upwards to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel) and staff non-commissioned officers to conduct the M4 carbine instead of the M9 handgun.^[23] This is in keeping with the Marine Corps doctrine, "Every Marine a rifleman." The Marine Corps, however, chose the full-sized M16A4 over the M4 as its standard infantry rifle. United states of america Navy corpsmen E5 and below are also issued M4s instead of the M9.^[24] While ordinary riflemen in the Marine Corps were armed with M16A4s, M4s were fielded by troops in positions where a total-length rifle would be too bulky, including vehicle operators, fireteam and squad leaders. As of 2013, the U.Southward. Marine Corps had eighty,000 M4 carbines in their inventory.^{[25] [26]}

Past July 2015, major Marine Corps commands were endorsing switching to the M4 over the M16A4 as the standard infantry rifle, but as the Army had done. This is because of the carbine's lighter weight, compact length, and ability to address modernistic gainsay situations that happen generally within close quarters; if a squad needs to engage at longer ranges, the M27 IAR can be used as a designated marksman burglarize. Approval of the change would move the M16 to support personnel, while armories already had the 17,000 M4s in the inventory needed to outfit all infantrymen who needed one.^[27] In October 2015, Commandant Robert Neller formally canonical of making the M4 carbine the primary weapon for all infantry battalions, security forces, and supporting schools in the USMC. The switch was to be completed by September 2016.^[28] In December 2017, the Marine Corps revealed a conclusion to equip every Marine in an infantry squad with the M27, replacing the M4 in that part of the service.^[29] MARSOC will retain the M4, as its shorter barrel is more suited to how they operate in bars spaces.^[30]

Improved M4 [edit]

In 2009, the U.S. Ground forces took complete buying of the M4 design.^[31] This allowed companies other than Colt to compete with their own M4 designs. The Army planned on fielding the terminal of its M4 requirement in 2010.^[31] In Oct 2009, Ground forces weapons officials proposed a series of changes to the M4 to Congress. Requested changes included an electronic round counter that records the number of shots fired, a heavier barrel, and possibly replacing the Stoner expanding gas system with a gas piston system.

The benefits of these changes, all the same, have come nether scrutiny from both the military and noncombatant firearms community.^{[32] [33]} Co-ordinate to a PDF detailing the M4 Carbine improvement plans released by PEO Soldier, the direct impingement system would be replaced only afterward reviews were washed comparing the direct impingement system to commercial gas piston operating system to find out and use the best bachelor operating arrangement in the U.S. Army's improved M4A1.^[34]

In September 2010, the Army announced information technology would buy 12,000 M4A1s from Colt Firearms past the terminate of 2010, and would social club 25,000 more M4A1s by early 2011. The service branch planned to buy 12,000 M4A1 conversion kits in early 2011. In tardily 2011, the Army bought 65,000 more conversion kits. From there the Army had to decide if it would upgrade all of its M4s.^[35] In April 2012, the U.S. Army appear it would begin purchasing over 120,000 M4A1 carbines to kickoff reequipping front line units from the original M4 to the new M4A1 version. The get-go 24,000 were to be made by Remington Arms Visitor. Remington was to produce the M4A1s from mid-2013 to mid-2014.^[36] After completion of that contract, it was to be between Colt and Remington to produce over 100,000 more M4A1s for the U.S. Army. Because of efforts from Colt to sue the Regular army to strength them not to utilize Remington to produce M4s, the Army reworked the original solicitation for new M4A1s to avoid legal bug from Colt.^[37] On 16 November 2012, Filly's protestation of Remington receiving the M4A1 product contract was dismissed.^[38] Instead of the contract being re-awarded to Remington, the Army awarded the contract for 120,000 M4A1 carbines worth $77 million to FN Herstal on 22 February 2013.^{[39] [40]} The social club was expected to be completed by 2018.^[41]

Replacement attempts [edit]

Replacements for the M4 have more often than not focused on two factors, improving its reliability, and its penetration.^[42] The get-go attempt to find a replacement for the M4 came in 1986, with the Advanced Combat Rifle plan, in which the caseless Heckler & Koch G11 and diverse flechette rifles were tested, but this was chop-chop dropped as these designs were generally prototypes, which demonstrated a lack of reliability.^[42] In the 1990s, the Objective Individual Combat Weapon contest was put forth to find a replacement for the M4. Two designs were produced, both past Heckler & Koch – the XM29 OICW, which incorporated a smart grenade launcher, but was canceled in 2004 as it was also heavy, and the XM8, which was canceled in 2005 as it did not offer significant enough improvements over the M4.^[42]

The Heckler & Koch HK416 was introduced in 2005, incorporating the aforementioned lower receiver as the M4A1, but replacing its direct impingement system with a gas-operated rotating bolt, more comparable to that of the G36.^[43] The HK416 was adopted by the Navy SEALs, Delta Force, and other special forces.^[42] In 2010, it was adopted by the Marines as the M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle.^[44] The aforementioned year, the Rangers and Navy SEALs adopted the FN SCAR, just later withdrew their purchase, every bit information technology was not a significant enough comeback over the M4A1.^[45]

Blueprint [edit]

The M4 and its variants burn down 5.56×45mm NATO (and .223 Remington) ammunition, and are gas-operated, mag-fed, selective fire firearms with either a multi-position telescoping stock or a fixed A2 or LE tactical stock.^[46] The starting time stock fitted onto the M4 in 1985 was made entirely of plastic, which simply had two positions; fully airtight or fully extended.^[17] Subsequently models take greater adjustability, and are commonly known as the "half-dozen position stock", "M4 stock", or, because of its recesses, "waffle stock".^[17]

M4 with the newer, redesigned telescoping stock

The M4 is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 rifle, with 80% parts commonality.^{[22] [17]} The M4's maneuverability makes information technology beneficial for not-infantry troops (vehicle crews, clerks and staff officers), as well equally for close quarters battle. The M4, along with the M16A4, has mostly replaced the M16A2 in the Army and Marines. The U.South. Air Strength, for instance, has transitioned completely to the M4 for Security Forces squadrons, while other armed personnel retain the M16A2. The U.Due south. Navy uses M4A1s for Special Operations and vehicle crews. Notwithstanding, the M4's shorter barrel reduces its range, with its rear iron sights integrated in the (removable) deport handle only adjustable from 300 m (328 yd) upwardly to 600 one thousand (656 yd), compared to the M16A2 rear iron sights integrated in the fixed carry handle, which can reach upwards to 800 thousand (875 yd).^[47]

Accessories [edit]

An M4A1 merely later on firing, with an ejected case in mid-air; the M203 and M68 CCO are attached.

Like all the variants of the M16, the M4 and the M4A1 can be fitted with many accessories, such as nighttime vision devices, flash suppressors, laser sights, telescopic sights, bipods, either the M203 or M320 grenade launcher, the M26 MASS shotgun, forwards hand grips, a detachable rail-mounted conveying handle, and annihilation else compatible with a MIL-STD-1913 picatinny rail.^[48]

Other common accessories include the AN/PEQ-2, AN/PEQ-fifteen multi-mode light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, AN/PEQ-16 Mini Integrated Pointing Illumination Module (MIPIM), M68 CCO, Trijicon TA01 and TA31 Avant-garde Combat Optical Gunsights (ACOG), EOTech 550 series holographic sights, and Aimpoint M68 Close Combat Optic. Visible and infrared lights of various manufacturers are usually fastened using various mounting methods. Every bit with all versions of the M16, the M4 accepts a blank-firing attachment (BFA) for grooming purposes.

The M4 and the M4A1 feed from thirty-round STANAG magazines.^[49] Other types of magazines with different capacities such every bit the 100 rounds Beta C-Magazine are likewise bachelor. In January 2017, a USMC unit deployed with suppressors mounted to every infantry M4 service weapon. Exercises showed that having all weapons suppressed improved team communication and surprise during engagements; disadvantages included additional rut and weight, increased maintenance, and the greater cost of equipping and then many troops with the attachment.^[l] In July 2020, the Marine Corps announced it would be ordering suppressors for utilise by all M4 carbines used by close combat units.^[51] The Marines began to rollout suppressors for all M4/M4A1 carbines in infantry, reconnaissance and special operations units in Dec 2020.^[52]

Special Operations Peculiar Modification [edit]

SOPMOD (Special Operations Peculiar Modification) Block I

In 1992, U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) developed the Special Operations Peculiar Modification (SOPMOD) Block I kit for the carbines used past units operating under its command.^[53] The kit features an M4A1, a Rail Interface Organization (RIS) handguard developed past Knight's Armament Company (KAC), a shortened quick-detachable M203 grenade launcher and leaf sight, a KAC audio suppressor, a KAC back-up rear sight, an Insight Technologies AN/PEQ-2A visible laser/infrared designator, along with Trijicon's ACOG TA-01NSN model and Reflex sights, and a nighttime vision sight, amidst many other accessories.^[54] This kit was designed to be configurable (modular) for diverse missions, and the kit is currently in service with special operations units.^[53]

In 2002, the Block Two modification kit was adopted featuring ii new upper receivers: the Special Purpose Receiver (SPR) and Close Quarter Boxing Receiver (CQBR).^{[55] [56]} M4A1s fitted with the SPR were designated past the Navy every bit the Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle, a type of designated marksman burglarize.^[56] M4A1s with the CQBR were designated the Mk 18 Mod 0.^[56]

In 2018, the Upper Receiver Grouping-Improved (URG-I) modification kit was approved for the conversion of Block I and Cake II carbine's upper receiver "to an improved barrel and track assembly.."^[57] which includes the Magpul Industries K-LOK rail interface organization.

M4A1 SOPMOD Block II in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, 2012

Variants [edit]

Variants of the carbine built by different manufacturers are likewise in service with many other foreign special forces units, such every bit the Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). While the SASR uses weapons of substantially the same blueprint built by Colt for export (Colt uses unlike models to separate weapons for the U.Due south. military and those for commercial/export purposes), the British Special Air Service uses a variant on the basic theme, the Filly Canada C8SFW.

M4 MWS (Modular Weapon Organisation) [edit]

Colt Model 925 carbines were tested and fitted with the KAC M4 RAS under the designation M4E2, just this designation appears to have been scrapped in favor of mounting this organisation to existing carbines without irresolute the designation. The U.Southward. Army Field Manual specifies for the Army that adding the Rails Adapter System (RAS) turns the weapon into the M4 MWS or modular weapon organization.

M4A1 [edit]

The M4A1 carbine is a fully automatic variant of the basic M4 carbine intended for special operations use.^[58] The M4A1 was introduced in May 1991 and was in service in 1994. The M4A1 was the first M4 model with the removable conduct handle. The M4A1 has a "Due south-i-F" (safe/semi-automatic/fully automatic) trigger group, while the M4 has a "Southward-1-3" (prophylactic/semi-automatic/3-round flare-up) trigger group. The M4A1 is used by virtually all U.Due south special operation units including, merely not limited to, Marine Force Recon, Army Rangers, Ground forces Special Forces, Navy SEALs, Air Forcefulness Pararescue and Air Force Combat Control Teams. It has a maximum constructive range of 500 to 600 meters (550–660 yd).^[7] The fully automatic trigger gives a more than consequent trigger pull, which leads to meliorate accuracy.^[59] According to Mark A. Westrom, owner of ArmaLite, Inc., automatic fire is better for clearing rooms than burst fire.^[60]

The M4A1 uses a heavier barrel than the standard M4, as the regular M4 barrel, which can fire 6,000 rounds before requiring a replacement,^[21] was not sufficient for the college consumption of ammunition by SOCOM operators.^[58] The redesigned butt has an increased diameter in the expanse between the receiver and front end sight.^[58]

Conversion of M4s to the M4A1 began in 2011, as part of the Product Improvement Programme, which included the conversion of 300,000 M4 carbines to the M4A1.^[58] Though in service with special forces, combat in Afghanistan showed the need for providing automatic suppression fires during fire and movement for regular soldiers. The 101st Airborne Segmentation began fielding newly-built M4A1s in 2012, and the U.S. 1st Infantry Division became the first unit to convert their M4s to M4A1-standard in May 2014. Upgrades included a heavier barrel to better dissipate estrus from sustained automatic firing, which likewise helps the rifles utilise the M855A1 EPR that has higher proof pressures and puts more strain on barrels. The full-auto trigger group has a more than consistent trigger pull, whereas the burst group's pull varies on where the fire command group is set, resulting in more predictable and better accuracy on semi-automatic fire. Some other improver is an ambidextrous selector lever for easier employ with left-handed shooters. The M4-M4A1 conversion increases weapon weight from 7.46 lb (3.38 kg) to vii.74 lb (three.51 kg), counting a redundancy atomic number 26 sight, forward pistol grip, empty magazine, and sling. Each carbine upgrade costs $240 per rifle, for a total toll of $120 million for half a 1000000 conversions. Iii hundred conversions can be done per day to equip a brigade combat team per calendar week, with all M4A1 conversions to exist completed past 2019.^{[61] [62]}

Mk 18 CQBR [edit]

An M4A1 with a Close Quarter Battle Receiver. The barrel length is 10.3 inches.

The Mk 18 Close Quarters Battle Receiver is a variant of M4A1 with a 10.3-inch barrel upper receiver.^[63]

Enhanced M4 [edit]

For the Private Carbine competition, Colt submitted their Enhanced M4 design, also known as the Filly Advanced Piston Carbine (APC). The weapon has a suppression-ready fluted barrel, which is lighter and cools better than previous M4 barrels. It is claimed to have "markedly meliorate" accurateness. To improve reliability, Filly used an articulating link piston (ALP), which "reduces the inherent stress in the piston stroke by allowing for deflection and thermal expansion".^[64] In traditional gas piston operating systems, the force of the piston striking the bolt carrier can button the bolt carrier downwards and into the wall of the buffer tube, leading to accelerated wear and even chipped metallic. This is known equally carrier tilt. The ALP allows the operating rod to jerk to right for the downward force per unit area on the bolt and transfers the strength straight backwards in line with the bore and buffer assembly, eliminating the carrier tilt. This relieves stress on parts and helps to increase accurateness.^[65] The Private Carbine contest was canceled earlier a winning weapon was called.^[59]

Armwest LLC M4 [edit]

In 2014, American firearms designer Jim Sullivan provided a video interview regarding his contributions to the M16/M4 family of rifles while working for Armalite. A noted critic of the M4, he illustrates the deficiencies found in the burglarize in its electric current configuration. In the video, he demonstrates his "Arm West LLC modified M4", with enhancements he believes necessary to rectify the problems with the weapon. Proprietary issues aside, the weapon is said to borrow features in his prior development, the Ultimax. Sullivan has stated (without verbal details as to how) the weapon can fire from the closed bolt in semi-automatic and switch to open up bolt when firing in fully automatic, improving accuracy. The weight of the cyclic components of the gun has been doubled (while retaining the weapon's weight at less than 8 pounds). Compared to the standard M4, which in automatic fires 750-950 rounds a minute, the rate of fire of the Arm West M4 is heavily reduced both to save ammunition and reduce barrel wear. The reduced rate also renders the weapon more controllable and authentic in automated firing.^[66]

Operation [edit]

A U.South. Navy SEAL with an M4 during counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan, January 2002

The M4 carbine has been used for close quarters operations where the M16 would be too long and bulky to utilize effectively. It has been a compact, calorie-free, customizable, and accurate weapon. Like other firearms, failure to properly maintain the M4 tin result in malfunctions. This became apparent as information technology saw continued use in the sandy environments of Iraq and Afghanistan.^[67] Despite this, in post-combat surveys, 94% of soldiers rated the M4 as an effective weapons system.^[68]

Early on feedback [edit]

By late 2002, 89% of U.S. troops reported they were confident with the M4, only they had a range of bug. 34% of users said the handguards rattled and became excessively hot when firing, and 15% had trouble zeroing the M68 Close Combat Optic. 35% added barber brushes and 24% added dental picks to their cleaning kits. There were many malfunctions, including 20% of users experiencing a double feed, 15% experiencing feeding jams, and 13% maxim that feeding problems were caused by magazines. 20% of users were dissatisfied with weapon maintenance. Some had trouble locking the mag into the weapon and having to chamber a circular in guild to lock the magazine. Soldiers also asked for a larger round to be able to kill targets with one shot. New optics and handguards made usage of the M4 easier, and good weapon maintenance reduced the number of misfeeds.^[69]

2006 CNA study [edit]

In Dec 2006, the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) released a report on U.S. minor arms in combat. The CNA conducted surveys on ii,608 troops returning from combat in Iraq and Afghanistan over the previous 12 months. Just troops who fired their weapons at enemy targets were allowed to participate. 917 troops were armed with M4 Carbines, making up 35% of the survey. 89% of M4 users reported they were satisfied with the weapon. 90% were satisfied with handling qualities such as handguards, size, and weight. M4 users had the highest levels of satisfaction with weapon performance, including 94% with accurateness, 92% with range, and 93% with rate of fire. Only 19% of M4 users reported a stoppage, and 82% of those that experienced a stoppage said information technology had fiddling impact on their ability to clear the stoppage and re-engage their target. The lowest rated weapon was the M9, and the M249 had the highest rate of stoppages.^[seventy] 53% of the M4 users never experienced failures of their magazines to feed. 81% did not need their rifles repaired while in theater. 80% were confident in the M4'due south reliability, defined equally confidence their weapon will burn without malfunction, and 83% were confident in its durability, divers as conviction their weapon will non break or need repair. Both factors were attributed to loftier levels of soldiers performing their ain maintenance. 54% of M4 users offered recommendations for improvements. twenty% of requests were for greater bullet lethality, and 10% were for better quality magazines, also every bit other pocket-sized recommendations. Just 75% of M16 users were satisfied with it,^[71] and some expressed their desire to be issued the M4.^[72] Some issues from this report accept been addressed with the issuing of the improved STANAG magazine in March 2009,^{[73] [74]} and the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Circular in June 2010.^[75]

2007 grit test [edit]

In summer and fall 2007, the Army tested the M4 against three other carbines in "sandstorm conditions" at Aberdeen Proving Basis, Maryland: the Heckler & Koch XM8, Fabrique Nationale de Herstal SOF Combat Assail Burglarize (SCAR) and the Heckler & Koch HK416. Ten of each type of rifle were used to burn down half dozen,000 rounds each, for a total of sixty,000 rounds per rifle type.^[76] The M4 suffered far more stoppages than its competitors: 882 stoppages, 19 requiring an armorer to fix. The XM8 had the fewest stoppages, 116 small stoppages and eleven major ones, followed past the FN SCAR with 226 stoppages and the HK416 with 233.^{[77] [78]}

Despite 863 small-scale stoppages—termed "form ane" stoppages, which require 10 seconds or less to clear, or "grade two" stoppages, which require more than ten seconds to clear—the M4 functioned well, with over 98% of the 60,000 total rounds firing without a problem. The Ground forces said information technology planned to improve the M4 with a new common cold-hammer-forged barrel to requite longer life and more reliable magazines to reduce the stoppages. Magazine failures caused 239 of the M4's failures. Ground forces officials said the new magazines could exist gainsay-ready past spring if testing went well.^[79] The Army began issuing an improved STANAG magazine in March 2009.^{[73] [74]}

According to the Army, the M4 only suffered 296 stoppages and said that the high number reported could be attributed to discrepancies in the scoring process. The Regular army testing command stated that, if the number of stoppages caused past a broken part met some threshold, they would exist eliminated from the final report awaiting redesign of the office. The methodology of the test has been debated, as many of the M4s in the test had already seen apply, whereas the other rifles were brand new, and that the wide variance in results between summer and fall showed that the test was not accurate, every bit information technology was not repeatable with consistent results.^[80] Furthermore, the trial M4s had burst-manner burn down groups, which are more complicated and decumbent to failure than the fully automatic fire groups the other manufacturers presented for testing.^[81]

In that location were iii extreme dust tests performed in 2007. The second test results showed a large difference from the last test with the M4 having 148 form i stoppages caused by rifle malfunctions and 148 class ane stoppages acquired by mag stoppages. The full-size M16 rifle had 61 stoppages during the same extreme dust exam.^[82]

Reliability [edit]

A U.South. Navy sailor fires an M4 carbine from the warship USSVella Gulf.

In early 2010, two journalists from the New York Times spent 3 months with soldiers and Marines in Afghanistan. While there, they questioned around 100 infantrymen virtually the reliability of their M4 carbines, too as the M16 rifle. Troops did non report reliability problems with their rifles. While simply 100 troops were asked, they fought at to the lowest degree a dozen intense engagements in Helmand Province, where the basis is covered in fine powdered sand (chosen "moon dust" by troops) that tin stick to firearms. Weapons were frequently dusty, wet, and covered in mud. Intense firefights lasted hours with several magazines beingness expended. But one soldier reported a jam when his M16 was covered in mud after climbing out of a canal. The weapon was cleared and resumed firing with the next chambered round. Furthermore, a Marine chief warrant officer reported that there were no issues with his battalion'southward 700 M4s and 350 M16s.^[83]

The reliability of the M4 has increased as the design was upgraded. In 1990, the M4 was required to fire 600 mean rounds between stoppages using M855 ammunition. In 2013, the current M4A1 version tin can fire 1,691 mean rounds between stoppages using M855A1 ammunition.^[84] During the 2009 Marine Corps Infantry Automatic Rifle testing, the Colt IAR displayed a MRBS of Form I/Ii Stoppages of 952 rounds, with a MRBEFF of Class Iii Stoppages of 60,000 rounds.^[85]

Gas piston [edit]

An array of firearms accessory makers have offered gas piston conversion kits for the M4. The claimed benefits include less needed lubrication for the bolt carrier group to run reliably and reduced fouling. The argument against it is increased weight and reduced accuracy.^[86] The Enhanced M4 uses an articulating link piston operating system. Complicating the Army search for college reliability in the M4 is a number of observations of M4 gas piston alternatives that endure unintended blueprint problems. The outset is that many of the gas piston modifications for the M4 isolate the piston so that piston jams or related malfunction require the unabridged weapon exist disassembled, such disassembly cannot be performed by the end-user and requires a qualified armorer to perform out of field, whereas almost whatever malfunction with the directly-impingement system can be stock-still by the end-user in field. The second is that gas piston alternatives utilise an off-axis operation of the piston that can innovate carrier tilt, whereby the commodities carrier fails to enter the buffer tube at a straight angle, resulting in part wearing. This can besides tilt the bolt during extraction, leading to increased bolt lug failures. The third is that the use of a sound suppressor results in hot gases entering the bedroom, regardless of a direct-gas impingement or gas piston blueprint choice. The gas piston system may also cause the firearm to go proprietary to the manufacturer, making modifications and changes with parts from other manufacturers hard.^{[33] [87]}

Accuracy [edit]

In a written report conducted past the Army Marksmanship Unit, they found that at a distance of 300 yd (270 m), the M16 accomplished a 24 in (610 mm) grouping, and the M4 achieved a 32 in (810 mm) group, which dropped to 12 in (300 mm) and 18 in (460 mm) respectively when using friction match form ammunition.^[88] Equally the average male torso is eighteen–19 in (460–480 mm) wide, author Chris McNab concluded that this meant the M4 can exist consistently accurate up to 300 yards, and noted that the frequent usage of optical attachments meant it could be accurate to higher ranges.^[88]

Manufacturers [edit]

• Filly's Manufacturing Company, Us
• Colt Canada in Ontario, Canada^[89]
• Norinco, Mainland china^[89]
• Lewis Machine and Tool Company in Milan, Illinois, U.s.a.^[ninety]
• Bushmaster Firearms International, Us^{[ citation needed ]}
• U.Due south. Ordnance, The states^{[ citation needed ]}
• Remington Arms Company, Usa^[91]
• Daniel Defense in Black Creek, Georgia, Usa^[92]
• Forjas Taurus São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil^[93]
• FN Herstal, Belgium^[94]
• SME Ordnance, Malaysia^[95]
• Sarsilmaz, Turkey^[96]
• United Defence Manufacturing Corporation, Philippines
• Delta CAA Arms, Georgia^[97]

Trademark bug [edit]

The M4 was adult and produced for the Usa authorities by Colt Firearms, which had an exclusive contract to produce the M4 family of weapons through 2011.^[98] However, a number of other manufacturers offer M4-similar firearms. Colt previously held a U.Due south. trademark on the term "M4".^[99] Many manufacturers have production firearms that are essentially identical to a military machine M4, but with a sixteen-inch (41 cm) barrel. The Bushmaster M4 Blazon Carbine is a pop example. Noncombatant models are sometimes colloquially referred to as "M4gery" ( em-FOR-jər-ee, a portmanteau of "M4" and "forgery").^[100] Filly had maintained that information technology retains sole rights to the M4 name and design. Other manufacturers had long maintained that Filly had been overstating its rights, and that "M4" had now become a generic term for a shortened AR-15.^{[ citation needed ]}

In April 2004, Colt filed a lawsuit against Heckler & Koch and Bushmaster Firearms, claiming acts of trademark infringement, trade apparel infringement, trademark dilution, false designation of origin, simulated advertising, patent infringement, unfair competition, and deceptive trade practices. Heckler & Koch later settled out of court, changing one product's name from "HK M4" to "HK416". Withal, on December 8, 2005, a district court approximate in Maine granted a summary judgment in favor of Bushmaster Firearms, dismissing all of Colt's claims except for imitation advertising. On the latter claim, Colt could not recover monetary damages. The court also ruled that "M4" was now a generic name and that Colt'southward trademark should be revoked.^[100]

Users [edit]

• Afghanistan: Sometime Afghan National Army commando stocks in employ by the Taliban.^[101]
• Albania: Used past Albanian Land Strength 2015.^[102]
• Algeria: Used past the Algerian Special Forces.^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Antigua and Barbuda: M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103]
• Argentina: Used by Argentine Army, Argentine Navy and Argentine National Gendarmerie^[103]
• Commonwealth of australia: M4A1 (designated M4A5), used by Special Operations Control, Clearance Defined, and Police Tactical Groups.^[104]
• Republic of azerbaijan: M4 Carbine used by the special military machine units and State Border Service (DSX).^[105]
• Bahrain: M4A1s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military Sales package.^[106] More M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS programme in 2017.^[103]
• Bangladesh:M4 carbine and M4A1 used by Bangladesh Regular army, Para Commando, SWADS, People's republic of bangladesh constabulary special units.^[107]
• Belize: M4s/M4A1s sold as part of a 2006 Strange Armed forces Sales package.^[108] More M4/M4A1s appear to be sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103]
• Bolivia: M4A1s used by the Bolivian Regular army.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Bosnia & Herzegovina: M4A1s used by the military and air guard units.^[106]
• Brazil: Used past Ceremonious Police, Armed services Police force of Espirito Santo State, Military machine Constabulary of Rio de Janeiro Country,^[109] the Brazilian Federal Police and Special Forces of the Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy,^[110] and Brazilian Marine Corps.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Croatia: User since 2003, several hundred purchased for Croatian ISF contingent too as Special Forces.^[111]
• Czech Republic: Bushmaster M4A3 B.1000.A.S. is used past (601st Special forces group, Armed forces police, 43rd Airborne mechanized battalion) of Czech Army.^[112]
• Cathay: A variant is made by Norinco every bit the Norinco CQ. CQ-A carbine variant used by the Sichuan Constabulary Department, Chongqing SWAT teams, and the Snow Leopard Commando Unit.^[113]
• Republic of colombia: M4A1s every bit role of a 2008 Foreign Armed services Sales.^[106] More M4/M4A1s appear to be sold via FMS programme in 2017.^[103]
• Dominican Republic^[114]
• Republic of ecuador: M4s sold every bit a 2008 Foreign Military Sales package.^[106]
• Egypt^[115]
• El Salvador: M4s sold equally role of a 2007 Strange Military Sales package.^[116] Additional M4s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military Sales package.^[106]
• French republic: used past French Special Force 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment^[117]
• Georgia: Bushmaster M4s beingness replaced by Colt M4s for the military. More M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS plan in 2017.^{[118] [103]} Joint Georgian-Israeli production M4 based "GI-4" launched in 2021^[119]
• Republic of ghana^[120]
• Greece: Used by EKAM, All SF Army, Navy, Airforce units.^[121]
• Hungary: M4A1 SOPMOD by Hungarian MH 34th Bercsényi László special functioning battalion^[122] More than M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS programme in 2017.^[103]
• Bharat: M4A1s as office of a 2008 Foreign Armed services Sales.^[106] M4A1 is used by the Mizoram Armed Police, PARA COMMANDOS, MARCOS, Garud and Force One of the Mumbai Law.^{[123] [124]}
• Indonesia: Used by Detachment 88 Counter-terrorism Police Squad operators.^[125] Also used by Komando Pasukan Katak (Kopaska) tactical diver group and Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus) special forces grouping.^[126]
• Iraq: Used by the Iraqi Regular army.^[127] Main weapon of the Iraqi National Counter-Terrorism Forcefulness.^[128] More than M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103]
• State of israel: Sold equally function of a January 2001 Foreign Military Sales bundle to Israel.^[129] Standard issue in the Israel Defense force Forces, only it has been gradually replaced with the IWI Tavor since 2001.^[130]
• Italy: Special Forces^[131]
• Jamaica: M4s sold as function of a 2007 Strange Military Sales package.^[116]
• Japan: M4A1s every bit role of a 2008 Foreign Armed forces Sales package.^[106] M4A1 SOPMOD rifles are in utilise by the Japanese Special Forces Grouping,^[132] merely is supposedly denied by the JGSDF after Ishiba was arrested for violating American export laws.^[133]
• Jordan: M4s sold as role of a 2007 Foreign Military Sales packet.^[116] Additional M4s sold as a 2008 Strange Military Sales bundle.^[106] More M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103]
• Kenya: Used past Kenyan troops Kenya Defense force Forces in AMISCOM ops.^[120]
• Kosovo^[134]
• Kuwait^[135]
• Lebanon: M4 components being sold to Lebanese special forces.^[136] M4/M4A1s sold as a 2008 Strange Military Sales package.^[106] More than M4/M4A1s announced to exist sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103]
• Liberia: Used by Liberian Emergency Response Unit.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Malaysia: Made nether license by SME Ordnance Sdn Bhd.^[95] Used by military and police force special forces.^[137]
• Kingdom of morocco^{[138] [139]}
• Nepal: 1,070 M4s,^[140] sold equally part of a 2005 Foreign Armed forces Sales parcel.^[96]
• New Zealand: Used by NZSAS operators and standard issue to New Zealand Police force including Special Tactics Group and Armed Offenders Squad units.^{[141] [142] [143]}
• Northward Macedonia: Used by Armed forces Police, Ranger Battalion and Special Forces Battalion - Wolves
• Sultanate of oman: M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS plan in 2017.^[103]
• Islamic republic of pakistan: M4A1 variant used by the Special Forces of the Pakistani military as well the POF G3P4 standard rifle for the Pakistani military— also used by the Special Security Unit (SSU) of the Sindh Law.^{[144] [145]} More M4/M4A1s appear to be sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103]
• Palestinian Say-so: Used by Palestinian security forces.^{[146] [ better source needed ]}
• Panama: M4A1s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military Sales packet.^[106] More M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103]
• Philippines: Colt M4/M4A1s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military Sales package.^[106] 63,000 R4A3 rifles from Remington Artillery for the Philippine Army and the Philippine Marine Corps.^{[147] [148]} Several units likewise used by the Defense Intelligence and Security Group.^[149] Some rifles were converted from old M16A1 stocks every bit part of the modernization attempt of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Poland: Used by Wojska Specjalne military machine unit JW Grom.^[150]
• Portugal: Used by Marines special forces DAE (Destacamento de Acções Especiais).^[151]
• Romania: M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS programme in 2017.^[103]
• Russia: Used in express quantities by FSB Alpha.^[152]
• Senegal: M4/M4A1s announced to exist sold via FMS program in 2017.^[103] ii,200 M4s sold through FMS program in 2019.^[153]
• Serbia: Used by various law units.^[154]
• Singapore: Used by the Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation and the Constabulary Coast Guard (but the Port Squadron and the Coastal Patrol Squadron) of the Singapore Police Force.^{[155] [89]}
• Slovakia: M4/M4A1s appear to be sold via FMS plan in 2017.^[103]
• South korea: Used by the Democracy of Korea Army.^[156]
• Taiwan: Used past Republic of Mainland china Ground forces and National Police Agency^[157]
• Thailand: M4A1s sold as part of a 2006 Foreign Military Sales package.^[108]
• Tonga: M4/M4A1s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military machine Sales package.^[106]
• Tunisia: Used by the Tunisian Army's Special Forces Group (GFS), 51st Infantry Navy Commandos Regiment, Presidential Guard and diverse National Baby-sit and Police special forces units.^[158] Used past the Unité Spéciale – Garde Nationale.^[159]
• Turkey: Produced under license by Sarsılmaz Firearms.^[96] The M4A1 rifle is used by Turkish Armed Forces^[160]
• Republic of uganda: Used past Ugandan troops in AMISCOM ops.^[120]
• United Arab Emirates: Purchased 2,500 M4 carbines in 1993.^[161]
• U.s.a.^[162]
• Uruguay: Colt M4 and Bushmaster M4 carbines for Special Operation Group (Metropolitan Police)^[162]
• Yemen: M4s sold equally part of a 2006 Foreign Military Sales packet.^[108]

Former users [edit]

• Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Used by Afghan National Regular army commandos during the Taliban insurgency.^{[163] [164]} M4s sold as part of a 2006 Foreign Military machine Sales package.^[108] Boosted M4s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military Sales parcel.^[106] Captured stocks currently in utilise with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

U.S. civilian buying [edit]

Sales of select-fire or fully automatic M4s by Colt are restricted to military and police enforcement agencies. No private citizen tin own an M4 in a select-fire or fully automated configuration, as this model of fully automatic rifle was adult later on the 1986 ban on fully automatic weapons available to be purchased by United states citizens under the Firearms Owners' Protection Human activity. While many motorcar guns can be legally endemic with a proper revenue enhancement postage from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, an amendment to the human action barred the transfer to private citizens of machine guns made or registered in the U.S. after May nineteen, 1986. The only exception was for Special Occupational Taxpayers (SOT), who are licensed machine gun dealers with sit-in letters, manufacturers, and those dealing in exports and imports. As such, just the earliest Filly M4 prototypes built prior to 1986 would be legal to own by non-SOT civilians.^{[ commendation needed ]} The modular nature of the AR-15 design, however, makes it relatively simple to fit M4-specific components to a "pre-'86" select-fire AR-15 lower receiver, producing an "M4" in all merely name.^{[ citation needed ]}

The M4 falls under restrictions of Title II of the National Firearms Act. The fourteen.five-inch butt makes the M4 a Short Butt Burglarize (SBR), and select burn down capability (semi-automatic and fully automatic or burst-automatic) makes the M4 a machine gun. Noncombatant replicas of the M4 typically have sixteen-inch barrels (or standard 14.five-inch M4 barrels with permanently attached flash suppressors with a total length of xvi inches) and are semi-automatic-only to meet the legal definition of a rifle under the Gun Control Act. Civilian-legal M4s are besides popular with police as a patrol carbine.^[165]

Conflicts [edit]

1990s [edit]

• Colombian conflict (1964–nowadays)^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Civil disharmonize in the Philippines (1969–nowadays)
• Kosovo State of war (1998–1999), first US military usage of the M4 carbine.

2000s [edit]

• State of war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
• Iraq War (2003–2011)
• South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
• 2006 Lebanon War (2006)^{[ citation needed ]}
• Mexican drug state of war (2006–present)^{[ citation needed ]}
• Russo-Georgian War (2008)^[166]
• Gaza State of war (2008–2009)
• Insurgency in Paraguay^[167]

2010s [edit]

• Syrian civil war (2011–nowadays)^[168]
• Lahad Datu collision (2013)^[169]
• War in Iraq (2013–2017)^[168]
• Battle of Arsal (2014)
• Battle of Marawi (2017)^[170]

See also [edit]

• Comparison of the AK-47 and M16
• AK-105, a competing AK-47-based weapon
• SIG Sauer SIG516, an M16-based rifle
• Bushmaster XM-fifteen
• LWRC M6, a competing M4-based weapon
• Chocolate-brown Enhanced Automatic Rifle, a competing M16/M4-based weapon
• LVOA-C, an M4 variant
• Remington R4, a competing M4-based weapon
• M231 Firing Port Weapon

Replacement attempts [edit]

• XM8 burglarize: canceled in 2005
• Close Quarters Boxing Receiver: successful replacement
• Individual Carbine: canceled in 2013. Candidates included:
  • Barrett REC7 PDW
  • Beretta ARX 160
  • Remington ACR
  • FN SCAR
  • Heckler & Koch HK416
  • LWRC M6A4
  • Robinson Artillery XCR
  • SIG 556
  • Colt ACC-M

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Magazines with dissimilar capacities also available.
2. ^ Stoner expanding gas organization per patent.^[8]

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Bibliography [edit]

• Hogg, Ian; Weeks, John (2000). War machine Small Artillery Of The 20th Century (7th ed.). KP Books. ISBN978-0873418249.
• McNab, Chris (2021). The M4 Carbine. Vol. Weapon 77. Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1472842275.
• Rottman, Gordon (2011). The M16. Vol. Weapon 14. Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-one-84908-691-2.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to M4 carbine.

• Filly M4's Law Enforcement folio and Filly M4's Armed forces page
• Us Army M4 fact file
• The AR-fifteen/M16 Magazine FAQ
• U.S. Army Won't Field Rifle Deemed Superior to M4
• Online Army Study Guide

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